PrairieLearn Elements for use in question.html

When writing questions, there exists a core pool of elements that provides common structures associated with assessment items. These elements can be split into three distinct groups: submission, decorative, and conditional. Within this document, all of PrairieLearn's elements are displayed alongside links to sample elements within the example course. To build your own PrairieLearn element, please see Question Element Writing documentation.

Submission elements act as a way to receive a response or input from the student. These elements are traditionally referred to as form input fields. PrairieLearn presently provides the following templated input field elements:

  • pl-multiple-choice: Selecting only one option from a list.
  • pl-checkbox: Selecting multiple options from a list.
  • pl-dropdown: Select an answer from answers in a drop-down box.
  • pl-order-blocks: Select and arrange given blocks of code or text.
  • pl-number-input: Fill in a numerical value within a specific tolerance level such as 3.14, -1.921, and so on.
  • pl-integer-input: Fill in an integer value such as -71, 0, 5, 21, and so on.
  • pl-symbolic-input: Fill in a symbolic value such as x^2, sin(z), mc^2, and so on.
  • pl-string-input: Fill in a string value such as "Illinois", "GATTACA", "computer", and so on.
  • pl-matching: Select a matching option for each entry in a group.
  • pl-matrix-component-input: Fill in a matrix using grid that has an input area for each element.
  • pl-matrix-input: Supply a matrix in a supported programming language format.
  • pl-rich-text-editor: Provide an in-browser formattable text editor for writing and submitting code.
  • pl-file-editor: Provide an in-browser code editor for writing and submitting code.
  • pl-file-upload: Provide a submission area to obtain a file with a specific naming scheme.
  • pl-threejs: Enables 3D scene display and problem submission.

Decorative elements are meant to improve how the question is displayed to students. Elements under this category include ways to specify question markup, images, files, and code display. The following decorative elements are available:

  • pl-code: Displays code rendered with the appropriate syntax highlighting.
  • pl-figure: Embed an image file in the question.
  • pl-file-download: Enable file downloads for data-centric questions.
  • pl-variable-output: Displays matrices in code form for supported programming languages.
  • pl-matrix-latex: Displays matrices using appropriate LaTeX commands for use in a mathematical expression.
  • pl-python-variable: Display formatted output of Python variables and pandas data frames.
  • pl-graph: Displays graphs, either using GraphViz DOT notation or with an adjacency matrix.
  • pl-drawing: Creates an image from pre-defined collection of graphic objects
  • pl-overlay: Allows layering existing elements on top of one another in specified positions.
  • pl-external-grader-variables: Displays expected and given variables for externally graded questions.
  • pl-xss-safe: Removes potentially unsafe code from HTML code.

Conditional elements are meant to improve the feedback and question structure. These elements conditionally render their content depending on the question state. The following Conditional elements are available:

Note: PrairieLearn Elements listed next have been deprecated. These elements are still supported for backwards compatibility, but they should not be used in new questions.

Submission Elements

pl-multiple-choice element

A pl-multiple-choice element selects one correct answer and zero or more incorrect answers and displays them in a random order as radio buttons.

Sample element

<pl-multiple-choice answers-name="acc" weight="1">
  <pl-answer correct="false">positive</pl-answer>
  <pl-answer correct="true">negative</pl-answer>
  <pl-answer correct="false">zero</pl-answer>
</pl-multiple-choice>

Customizations

Attribute Type Default Description
answers-name string — Variable name to store data in.
weight integer 1 Weight to use when computing a weighted average score over elements.
inline boolean false List answer choices on a single line instead of as separate paragraphs.
number-answers integer special The total number of answer choices to display. Defaults to displaying one correct answer and all incorrect answers.
fixed-order boolean false Disable the randomization of answer order.
hide-letter-keys boolean false Hide the letter keys in the answer list, i.e., (a), (b), (c), etc.
all-of-the-above boolean false Add "All of the above" choice below all answer choices, but above "None of the above" if enabled. Bounded by number-answers and not affected by fixed-order.
none-of-the-above boolean false Add "None of the above" choice below all answer choices regardless of fixed-order, and is bounded by number-answers.
all-of-the-above-feedback string — Helper text to be displayed to the student next to the all-of-the-above option after question is graded if this option has been selected by the student.
none-of-the-above-feedback string — Helper text to be displayed to the student next to the none-of-the-above option after question is graded if this option has been selected by the student.
external-json string special Optional path to a JSON file to load external answer choices from. Answer choices are stored as lists under "correct" and "incorrect" key names.
external-json-correct-key string special Optionally override default json "correct" attribute name when using external-json file.
external-json-incorrect-key string special Optionally override default json "incorrect" attribute name when using external-json file.

Inside the pl-multiple-choice element, each choice must be specified with a pl-answer that has attributes:

Attribute Type Default Description
correct boolean false Is this a correct answer to the question?
feedback string — Helper text (HTML) to be displayed to the student next to the option after question is graded if this option has been selected by the student.
score float - Score given to answer choice if selected by student. Defaults to 1.0 for correct answers and 0.0 for incorrect answers.

Example implementations

See also

pl-checkbox element

A pl-checkbox element displays a subset of the answers in a random order as checkboxes.

Sample element

<pl-checkbox answers-name="vpos" weight="1">
  <pl-answer correct="true">A-B</pl-answer>
  <pl-answer correct="true">B-C</pl-answer>
  <pl-answer> C-D</pl-answer>
  <pl-answer correct="true">D-E</pl-answer>
  <pl-answer> E-F</pl-answer>
  <pl-answer> F-G</pl-answer>
</pl-checkbox>

Customizations

Attribute Type Default Description
answers-name string — Variable name to store data in.
weight integer 1 Weight to use when computing a weighted average score over elements.
inline boolean false List answer choices on a single line instead of as separate paragraphs.
number-answers integer special The total number of answer choices to display. Defaults to displaying all answers.
min-correct integer special The minimum number of correct answers to display. Defaults to displaying all correct answers.
max-correct integer special The maximum number of correct answers to display. Defaults to displaying all correct answers.
fixed-order boolean false Disable the randomization of answer order.
partial-credit boolean false Enable partial credit scores. By default, the choice of grading method is "all-or-nothing".
partial-credit-method string 'PC' Three grading methods for partial credit: 'COV' (Coverage), 'EDC' (Every Decision Counts), and 'PC' (Percent Correct). See explanation below.
hide-help-text boolean false Help text with hint regarding the selection of answers. Popover button describes the selected grading algorithm ('all-or-nothing', 'COV', 'EDC' or 'PC')
detailed-help-text boolean false Display the minimum and maximum number of options that can be selected in a valid submission. See explanation below.
hide-answer-panel boolean false Option to not display the correct answer in the correct panel.
hide-letter-keys boolean false Hide the letter keys in the answer list, i.e., (a), (b), (c), etc.
hide-score-badge boolean false Hide badges next to selected answers.
min-select integer special The minimum number of answers that must be selected in any valid submission. Defaults to min-correct if that attribute is specified along with detailed-help-text="true"; otherwise, defaults to 1.
max-select integer special The maximum number of answers that can be selected in any valid submission. Defaults to max-correct if that attribute is specified along with detailed-help-text="true"; otherwise, defaults to the number of displayed answers.
show-number-correct boolean false Display the number of correct choices in the help text.

Inside the pl-checkbox element, each choice must be specified with a pl-answer that has attributes:

Attribute Type Default Description
correct boolean false Is this a correct answer to the question?
feedback string — Helper text (HTML) to be displayed to the student next to the option after question is graded if this option has been selected by the student.

Partial credit grading

Three grading methods are available when using partial-credit="true":

  • 'COV' (Coverage): in this method, the final score is calculated by multiplying the base score (the proportion of correct answers that are chosen) with the guessing factor (the proportion of chosen answers that are correct). Specifically, if t is the number of correct answers chosen, c is the total number of correct answers, and n is the total number of answers chosen, then the final score is (t / c) * (t / n). This grading scheme rewards submissions that include (i.e. "cover") all true options.
  • 'EDC' (Every Decision Counts): in this method, the checkbox answers are considered as a list of true/false answers. If n is the total number of answers, each answer is assigned 1/n points. The total score is the summation of the points for every correct answer selected and every incorrect answer left unselected.
  • 'PC' (Percent Correct): in this method, 1 point is added for each correct answer that is marked as correct and 1 point is subtracted for each incorrect answer that is marked as correct. The final score is the resulting summation of points divided by the total number of correct answers. The minimum final score is set to zero.

Using the detailed-help-text attribute

The detailed-help-text attribute can be used with min-correct and/or max-correct to help students select the correct options. If min-select is not specified, then setting detailed-help-text="true" ensures that the number of selected options in a valid submission is at least the value of min-correct. Similarly, if max-select is not specified, then setting detailed-help-text="true" ensures that the number of selected options in a valid submission is at most the value of max-correct. For example, if a checkbox question does not specify min-select or max-select, and specifies min-correct="2", max-correct="4", and detailed-help-text="true", then all valid submissions must select between 2 and 4 options. Thus, we help students by preventing them from selecting, say, five options. Indeed, if five options are selected, then at least one selected option is incorrect since there are at most four correct options.

Note that explicitly specifying min-select overrides the minimum number of options that must be selected, and similarly, explicitly specifying max-select overrides the maximum number of options that can be selected.

Restricting the number of options that can be selected

The min-select and max-select attributes determine the minimum and maximum number of options that can be selected in a valid submission. The value of min-select is computed using the following steps:

  1. If the min-select attribute is explicitly set, then we use the specified value of min-select.
  2. If min-select is not specified, but min-correct is specified along with detailed-help-text="true", then we use the specified value of min-correct.
  3. If steps 1 and 2 do not apply, then we use a default value of 1.

To compute max-select, we use a similar algorithm (note the different default value in step 3):

  1. If the max-select attribute is explicitly set, then we use the specified value of max-select.
  2. If max-select is not specified, but max-correct is specified along with detailed-help-text="true", then we use the specified value of min-correct.
  3. If steps 1 and 2 do not apply, then max-select defaults to the number of displayed checkbox options (i.e. students can select all displayed options by default).

Example implementations

See also

pl-number-input element

Fill in the blank field that allows for numeric value input within specific tolerances.

Sample element

question.html

<pl-number-input answers-name="ans_rtol" label="$x =$"> </pl-number-input>

server.py

import random

def generate(data):

  # Generate a random value
  x = random.uniform(1, 2)

  # Answer to fill in the blank input
  data["correct_answers"]["ans_rtol"] = x

question.html

<pl-number-input answers-name="ans_sig" comparison="sigfig" digits="2" label="$x =$">
</pl-number-input>

server.py

import random

def generate(data):

  # Generate a random value
  x = random.uniform(1, 2)

  # Answer to fill in the blank input
  data["correct_answers"]["ans_sig"] = round(x, 2)

Customizations

Attribute Type Default Description
answers-name string — Variable name to store data in.
weight integer 1 Weight to use when computing a weighted average score over elements.
correct-answer float special Correct answer for grading. Defaults to data["correct_answers"][answers-name].
label text — A prefix to display before the input box (e.g., label="$F =$").
suffix text — A suffix to display after the input box (e.g., suffix="$\rm m/s^2$").
display "block" or "inline" "inline" How to display the input field.
comparison "relabs", "sigfig", or "decdig" "relabs" How to grade. "relabs" uses relative ("rtol") and absolute ("atol") tolerances. "sigfig" and "decdig" use "digits" significant or decimal digits.
rtol number 1e-2 Relative tolerance for comparison="relabs".
atol number 1e-8 Absolute tolerance for comparison="relabs".
digits integer 2 number of digits that must be correct for comparison="sigfig" or comparison="decdig".
allow-complex boolean false Whether or not to allow complex numbers as answers. If the correct answer ans is a complex object, you should use import prairielearn as pl and data['correct_answers'][answers-name] = pl.to_json(ans).
allow-blank boolean false Whether or not an empty input box is allowed. By default, empty input boxes will not be graded (invalid format).
blank-value string 0 (zero) Value to be used as an answer if element is left blank. Only applied if allow-blank is true. Must follow the same format as an expected user input (e.g., fractions if allowed, complex numbers if allowed, etc.).
show-help-text boolean true Show the question mark at the end of the input displaying required input parameters.
show-placeholder boolean true Show the placeholder text that shows the default comparison.
size integer 35 Size of the input box.
show-correct-answer boolean true Whether to show the correct answer in the submitted answers panel.
allow-fractions boolean true Whether to allow answers expressed as a rational number of the format a/b.
custom-format string special Custom format to use when formatting the submitted or correct answer. By default, submitted answers are shown with the format .12g, while the correct answer uses .12g if the comparison method is relabs, or a custom format based on the number of digits if the comparison method is sigfig or decdig. A full description of the format can be found on the Python documentation page.

Example implementations

See also

pl-dropdown element

Select the correct answer from a drop-down select menu list of potential answers. The potential options are listed in the inner HTML of a element (ie. Possible Answer 1).

Sample element

question.html

<p>Select the correct word in the following quotes:</p>
The
<pl-dropdown answers-name="aristotle" blank="true">
  {{#params.aristotle}}
  <pl-answer correct="{{tag}}">{{ans}}</pl-answer>
  {{/params.aristotle}}
</pl-dropdown>
is more than the sum of its parts.
<p></p>

A
<pl-dropdown sort="ascend" answers-name="hume">
  <pl-answer correct="true">wise</pl-answer>
  <pl-answer correct="false">clumsy</pl-answer>
  <pl-answer correct="false">reckless</pl-answer>
</pl-dropdown>
man proportions his belief to the evidence.
<p></p>

server.py

def generate(data):

  QUESTION1 = 'aristotle'

  data['params'][QUESTION1] = [
    {'tag': 'true', 'ans': 'whole'},
    {'tag': 'false', 'ans': 'part'},
    {'tag': 'false', 'ans': 'inverse'}
  ]

  return data

Customizations

Attribute Type Default Description
answers-name string - The key of the correct answer.
weight integer 1 Weight to use when computing a weighted average score over elements.
sort string random Options are 'random', 'ascend', and 'descend', and 'fixed' for drop-down answers.
blank boolean True Option to add blank dropdown entry as default selection in drop-down list.

Example implementation

pl-order-blocks element

Element to arrange given blocks of code or text that are displayed initially in the source area. The blocks can be moved to the solution area to construct the solution of the problem. In the example below, the source area is denoted by the header "Drag from here" and the solution area is denoted with the header "Construct your solution here".

Sample element

question.html

<p>List all the even numbers in order:</p>
<pl-order-blocks answers-name="order-numbers">
  <pl-answer correct="false">1</pl-answer>
  <pl-answer correct="true">2</pl-answer>
  <pl-answer correct="false">3</pl-answer>
  <pl-answer correct="true">4</pl-answer>
</pl-order-blocks>

Customizations

Attribute Type Default Description
answers-name string — Variable name to store data in.
weight integer 1 Weight to use when computing a weighted average score over all elements in a question.
grading-method string "ordered" One of the following: ordered, unordered, ranking, dag, external. See more details below.
file-name string user_code.py Name of the file where the information from the blocks will be saved, to be used by the external grader.
source-blocks-order string "random" The order of the blocks in the source area. One of the following: random or ordered. See more details below.
indentation boolean false Enable both the ability for indentation in the solution area and the grading of the expected indentation (set by indent in pl-answer, as described below).
max-incorrect integer special The maximum number of incorrect answers to be displayed in the source area. The incorrect answers are set using <pl-answer correct="false">. Defaults to displaying all incorrect answers.
min-incorrect integer special The minimum number of incorrect answers to be displayed in the source area. The incorrect answers are set using <pl-answer correct="false">. Defaults to displaying all incorrect answers.
source-header string "Drag from here" The text that appears at the start of the source area.
solution-header string "Construct your solution here" The text that appears at the start of the solution area.
solution-placement "right" or "bottom" "right" right shows the source and solution areas aligned side-by-side. bottom shows the solution area below the source area.
partial-credit "none" or "lcs" Depends on grading-method For the dag and ranking grading methods, you may specify none for no partial credit or lcs (default) for partial credit based on the LCS edit-distance from the student solution to some correct solution. For the other grading methods, using this property is not yet supported. Grading method unordered will always assign partial credit, and grading method ordered will never do so.
feedback "none" or "first-wrong" "none" The level of feedback the student will recieve upon giving an incorrect answer. Available with the dag or ranking grading mode. first-wrong will tell the student which block in their answer was the first to be incorrect, none will give no feedback.
format "code" or "default" "default" If this property is set to "code", then the contents of each of the blocks will be wrapped with a pl-code element.
code-language string - The programming language syntax highlighting to use. Only available when using format="code".

Within the pl-order-blocks element, each element must either be a pl-answer or a pl-block-group (see details below for more info on pl-block-group). Each element within a pl-block-group must be a pl-answer. The pl-answer elements specify the content for each of the blocks, and may have the following attributes:

Attribute Type Default Description
correct boolean true Specifies whether the answer block is a correct answer to the question (and should be moved to the solution area).
ranking positive integer — This attribute is used when grading-method="ranking" and it specifies the correct ranking of the answer block. For example, a block with ranking 2 should be placed below a block with ranking 1. The same ranking can be used when the order of certain blocks is not relevant. Blocks that can be placed at any position should not have the ranking attribute.
indent integer in [-1, 4] -1 Specifies the correct indentation level of the block. For example, a value of 2 means the block should be indented twice. A value of -1 means the indention of the block does not matter. This attribute can only be used when indentation="true".
depends string "" Optional attribute when grading-method="dag". Used to specify the directed acyclic graph relation among the blocks, with blocks being referred to by their tag. For example, if depends="1,3" for a particular block, it must appear later in the solution than the block with tag="1" and the block with tag="3".
tag string "" Optional attribute when grading-method="dag". Used to identify the block when declaring which other blocks depend on it.

Details

Different grading options are defined via the attribute grading-method:

  • ordered: in this method, the correct ordering of the blocks is defined by the ordering in which the correct answers (defined in pl-answer) appear in the HTML file. There is no partial credit for this option.
  • unordered: in this method, if n is the total number of correct blocks, each correct block moved to the solution area is given 1/n points, and each incorrect block moved to the solution area is subtracted by 1/n points. The final score will be at least 0 (the student cannot earn a negative score by only moving incorrect answers). Note the ordering of the blocks does not matter. That is, any permutation of the answers within the solution area is accepted. There is partial credit for this option.
  • ranking: in this method, the ranking attribute of the pl-answer options are used to check answer ordering. Every answer block X should have a ranking integer that is less than or equal to the answer block immediately below X. That is, the sequence of ranking integers of all the answer blocks should form a nonstrictly increasing sequence. If n is the total number of answers, each correctly ordered answer is worth 1/n, up to the first incorrectly ordered answer. There is partial credit for this option.
  • dag: in this method, the depends attibute of the pl-answer options are used to declare the directed acyclic graph relation between the blocks, and a correct answer is any topological sort of that directed acyclic graph. If pl-block-group elements are used to divide some blocks into groups, then a correct answer is a topological sort of the lines of the proof with the added condition that the lines of each group must be listed contiguously (as an example, this is useful for expressing a proof by cases when the dag grader is used for mathematical proofs). Blocks inside a pl-block-group element may only depend or be depended on by blocks within the same pl-block-group, and pl-blocks-groups can be given their own tag and depends properties so that a block may depend on an entire group, or a group may depend on a block or group.
  • external: in this method, the blocks moved to the solution area will be saved in the file user_code.py, and the correctness of the code will be checked using the external grader. Depending on the external grader grading code logic, it may be possible to enable or disable partial credit. The attribute correct for pl-answer can still be used in conjunction with min-incorrect and max-incorrect for display purposes only, but not used for grading purposes. The attributes ranking and indent are not allowed for this grading method.

Different ordering of the blocks in the source area defined via the attribute source-blocks-order:

  • ordered: the blocks appear in the source area in the same order they appear in the HTML file.
  • random: the blocks are shuffled.

Example implementations

pl-integer-input element

Fill in the blank field that requires an integer input.

Sample element

question.html

<pl-integer-input answers-name="int_value" label="$y =$"></pl-integer-input>

server.py

import random

def generate(data):

  # Generate a random whole number
  x = random.randint(1, 10)

  # Answer to fill in the blank input
  data["correct_answers"]["int_value"] = x

Customizations

Attribute Type Default Description
answers-name string — Variable name to store data in.
weight integer 1 Weight to use when computing a weighted average score over elements.
correct-answer float special Correct answer for grading. Defaults to data["correct_answers"][answers-name]. If base is provided, then this answer must be given in the provided base.
allow-blank boolean false Whether or not an empty input box is allowed. By default, empty input boxes will not be graded (invalid format).
blank-value float 0 (zero) Value to be used as an answer if element is left blank. Only applied if allow-blank is true.
label text — A prefix to display before the input box (e.g., label="$x =$").
suffix text — A suffix to display after the input box (e.g., suffix="items").
base integer 10 The base used to parse and represent the answer, or the special value 0 (see below).
display "block" or "inline" "inline" How to display the input field.
size integer 35 Size of the input box.
show-help-text boolean true Show the question mark at the end of the input displaying required input parameters.

Specifying a non-trivial base

By default, the values are interpreted in base 10. The base argument may also be used, with a value between 2 and 36, to indicate a different base to interpret the student input, as well as to print the final result.

The base argument can also accept a special value of 0. In this case, the values will by default be interpreted in base 10, however the student has the option of using different prefixes to indicate a value in a different format:

  • The prefixes 0x and 0X can be used for base-16 values (e.g., 0x1a);
  • The prefixes 0b and 0B can be used for base-2 values (e.g., 0b1101);
  • The prefixes 0o and 0O can be used for base-8 values (e.g., 0o777).

Integer range

The valid range of values accepted by pl-integer-input is between -9007199254740991 and +9007199254740991 (between -(2^53 - 1) and +(2^53 - 1)). If you need a larger input, one option you can consider is a pl-string-input with a custom grade function.

Example implementations

See also

pl-symbolic-input element

Fill in the blank field that allows for mathematical symbol input.

Sample element

question.html

<pl-symbolic-input answers-name="symbolic_math" variables="x, y" label="$z =$"></pl-symbolic-input>

server.py

import prairielearn as pl
import sympy

def generate(data):

  # Declare math symbols
  x, y = sympy.symbols('x y')

  # Describe the equation
  z = x + y + 1

  # Answer to fill in the blank input stored as JSON.
  data['correct_answers']['symbolic_math'] = pl.to_json(z)

Customizations

Attribute Type Default Description
answers-name string — Variable name to store data in. If the correct answer ans is a sympy object, you should use import prairielearn as pl and data['correct_answers'][answers-name] = pl.to_json(ans).
weight integer 1 Weight to use when computing a weighted average score over elements.
correct-answer float special Correct answer for grading. Defaults to data["correct_answers"][answers-name].
label text — A prefix to display before the input box (e.g., label="$F =$").
display "block" or "inline" "inline" How to display the input field.
variables string — A comma-delimited list of symbols that can be used in the symbolic expression.
allow-complex boolean false Whether complex numbers (expressions with i or j as the imaginary unit) are allowed.
imaginary-unit-for-display string i The imaginary unit that is used for display. It must be either i or j. Again, this is only for display. Both i and j can be used by the student in their submitted answer, when allow-complex="true".
allow-blank boolean false Whether or not an empty input box is allowed. By default, an empty input box will not be graded (invalid format).
blank-value string 0 (zero) Expression to be used as an answer if the answer is left blank. Only applied if allow-blank is true. Must follow the same format as an expected user input (e.g., same variables, etc.).
size integer 35 Size of the input box.
show-help-text boolean true Show the question mark at the end of the input displaying required input parameters.

Details

Correct answers are best created as sympy expressions and converted to json using pl.to_json(data_here).

It is also possible to specify the correct answer simply as a string, e.g., x + y + 1.

Do not include i or j in the list of variables if allow-complex="true". Do not include any other reserved name in your list of variables (e, pi, cos, sin, etc.) The element code will check for (and disallow) conflicts between your list of variables and reserved names.

Example implementations

See also

pl-string-input element

Fill in the blank field that allows for string value input.

Sample element

question.html

<pl-string-input answers-name="string_value" label="Prairie"></pl-string-input>

server.py

def generate(data):

  # Answer to fill in the blank input
  data["correct_answers"]["string_value"] = "Learn"

Customizations

Attribute Type Default Description
answers-name string — Variable name to store data in.
weight integer 1 Weight to use when computing a weighted average score over elements.
correct-answer string special Correct answer for grading. Defaults to data["correct_answers"][answers-name].
label text — A prefix to display before the input box (e.g., label="$x =$").
suffix text — A suffix to display after the input box (e.g., suffix="items").
display "block" or "inline" "inline" How to display the input field.
remove-leading-trailing boolean false Whether or not to remove leading and trailing blank spaces from the input string.
remove-spaces boolean false Whether or not to remove blank spaces from the input string.
allow-blank boolean false Whether or not an empty input box is allowed. By default, empty input boxes will not be graded (invalid format).
ignore-case boolean false Whether or not to enforce case sensitivity (e.g. "hello" != "HELLO").
normalize-to-ascii boolean false Whether non-English characters (accents, non-latin alphabets, fancy quotes) should be normalized to equivalent English characters before submitting the file for grading.
placeholder text None Hint displayed inside the input box describing the expected type of input.
size integer 35 Size of the input box.
show-help-text boolean true Show the question mark at the end of the input displaying required input parameters.

Example implementations

See also

pl-matching element

Given a list of statements, select a matching option for each entry from a drop-down list.

Sample element

question.html

<pl-matching answers-name="string_value">
  <pl-statement match="Washington, D.C.">United States</pl-statement>
  <pl-statement match="Mexico City">Mexico</pl-statement>
  <pl-statement match="Paris">France</pl-statement>

  <pl-option>New York City</pl-option>
</pl-matching>

Customizations

Attribute Type Default Description
answers-name string — Variable name to store data in.
weight integer 1 Weight to use when computing a weighted average score over elements.
fixed-order boolean False Whether or not to display the statements in a fixed order; otherwise they are shuffled.
fixed-options-order boolean False Whether or not to display the options in a fixed order; otherwise they are shuffled. See the details of pl-option below for more information on option ordering.
number-statements integer special The number of statements to display. Defaults to all statements.
number-options integer special The number of options to display. Defaults to all options. The none-of-the-above option does not count towards this number.
none-of-the-above boolean false Whether or not to add a "None of the above" to the end of the options.
blank boolean True Option to add blank dropdown entry as the default selection in each drop-down list.
counter-type "decimal" or "lower-alpha" or "upper-alpha" or "full-text" "lower-alpha" The type of counter to use when enumerating the options. If set to "full-text", the column of options will be hidden, and the text of each option will be used in the statements' dropdown lists, instead of counters.
hide-score-badge boolean false Whether or not to hide the correct/incorrect score badge next to each graded answer choice.

Inside the pl-matching element, a series of pl-statement and pl-option elements specify the questions the student must answer and the options to which they can be matched, respectively. Statements are displayed in the left column, and options in the right.

A total of number-statements statements will be randomly selected and displayed to the student. The corresponding matching options will be gathered; if number-options is larger than the number of options used by the selected statements, then random distractors will be selected from the remaining unused options. If the selected statements require more options than number-options, then none-of-the-above will automatically be set to true.

The content of a pl-statement can be any HTML element, including other PrairieLearn elements. A pl-statement must be specified with these attributes:

Attribute Type Default Description
match string — Identifies the option as the correct response for this pl-statement. If match corresponds to the name of any pl-option element, the statement will be linked to that pl-option, otherwise a new option is implicitly created based on this match value.

The content of a pl-option can be any HTML element, including other PrairieLearn elements. pl-option elements are optional; options are created by default based on the match attribute of each pl-statement. Additional pl-option elements can be added to serve as distractors (an option that is always incorrect, such as "New York City" in the example above), or to render formatted HTML/PrairieLearn elements instead of plain text (see the last question in the demo problem linked in the "Example implementations" below).

When the fixed-options-order feature is used, options are shown in the following order:

  1. Any explicitly-defined pl-option elements are shown first, in the order they are declared.
  2. Any implicitly-defined options defined by a pl-statement match attribute are shown next, in the order they are declared.

It is recommended to explicitly define pl-option elements when using fixed-options-order to have complete certainty on the order they will be shown.

A pl-option must be specified with these attributes:

Attribute Type Default Description
name string special A key used to match this option as the correct response to a pl-statement. If not given, the attribute is set to the inner HTML of the pl-option.

Example implementations

pl-matrix-component-input element

A pl-matrix-component-input element displays a grid of input fields with the same shape of the variable stored in answers-name (only 2D arrays of real numbers can be stored in answers-name).

Sample element

question.html

<pl-matrix-component-input answers-name="matrixA" label="$A=$"></pl-matrix-component-input>

server.py

import prairielearn as pl
import numpy as np

def generate(data):

  # Generate a random 3x3 matrix
  mat = np.random.random((3, 3))

  # Answer to each matrix entry converted to JSON
  data['correct_answers']['matrixA'] = pl.to_json(mat)

Customizations

Attribute Type Default Description
answers-name string — Variable name to store data in.
weight integer 1 Weight to use when computing a weighted average score over elements.
label text — A prefix to display before the input box (e.g., label="$F =$").
comparison "relabs", "sigfig", or "decdig" "relabs" How to grade. "relabs" uses relative ("rtol") and absolute ("atol") tolerances. "sigfig" and "decdig" use "digits" significant or decimal digits.
rtol number 1e-2 Relative tolerance for comparison="relabs".
atol number 1e-8 Absolute tolerance for comparison="relabs".
digits integer 2 number of digits that must be correct for comparison="sigfig" or comparison="decdig".
allow-partial-credit boolean false Whether or not to allow credit for each correct matrix component. By default, the variable is graded as correct only when all matrix components are correct.
allow-feedback boolean allow-partial-credit Whether or not to allow feedback indicating which matrix components are incorrect. The default value of allow-feedback is the value of allow-partial-credit.
allow-fractions boolean true Whether to allow answers expressed as a rational number of the format a/b.
allow-blank boolean false Whether or not empty input boxes are allowed. By default, matrices with at least one empty input box will not be graded (invalid format).
blank-value string 0 (zero) Value to be used as an answer for each individual component if the component is left blank. Only applied if allow-blank is true. Must follow the same format as an expected user input (e.g., fractions if allowed, etc.).

Details

The question will only be graded when all matrix components are entered, unless the allow-blank attribute is enabled.

Example implementations

See also

pl-matrix-input element

A pl-matrix-input element displays an input field that accepts a matrix (i.e., a 2-D array) expressed in a supported programming language format (either MATLAB or Python's numpy).

Sample element

question.html

<pl-matrix-input answers-name="matrixB" label="$B=$"></pl-matrix-input>

server.py

import prairielearn as pl
import numpy as np

def generate(data):
  # Randomly generate a 2x2 matrix
  matrixB = np.random.random((2, 2))

  # Answer exported to question.
  data['correct_answers']['matrixB'] = pl.to_json(matrixB)

Customizations

Attribute Type Default Description
answers-name string — Variable name to store data in.
weight integer 1 Weight to use when computing a weighted average score over elements.
label text — A prefix to display before the input box (e.g., label="$F =$").
comparison "relabs", "sigfig", or "decdig" "relabs" How to grade. "relabs" uses relative ("rtol") and absolute ("atol") tolerances. "sigfig" and "decdig" use "digits" significant or decimal digits.
rtol number 1e-2 Relative tolerance for comparison="relabs".
atol number 1e-8 Absolute tolerance for comparison="relabs".
digits integer 2 number of digits that must be correct for comparison="sigfig" or comparison="decdig".
allow-complex boolean false Whether or not to allow complex numbers as answers. If the correct answer ans is a complex object, you should use import prairielearn as pl and data['correct_answers'][answers-name] = pl.to_json(ans).
show-help-text boolean true Show the question mark at the end of the input displaying required input parameters.

Details

pl-matrix-input parses a matrix entered in either MATLAB or Python formats. The following are valid input format options:

MATLAB format:

[1.23; 4.56]

Python format:

[[1.23], [4.56]]

Note: A scalar will be accepted either as a matrix of size 1 x 1 (e.g., [1.23] or [[1.23]]) or just as a single number (e.g., 1.23).

In the answer panel, a pl-matrix-input element displays the correct answer, allowing the user to switch between matlab and python format.

In the submission panel, a pl-matrix-input element displays either the submitted answer (in the same format that it was submitted, either MATLAB or Python), or a note that the submitted answer was invalid (with an explanation of why).

Example implementations

See also

pl-rich-text-editor element

Provides an in-browser rich text editor, aimed mostly at manual grading essay-type questions. This editor is based on the Quill rich text editor.

Sample element

<pl-rich-text-editor file-name="answer.html"> </pl-rich-text-editor>

Customizations

Attribute Type Default description
file-name string - The name of the output file; will be used to store the student's answer in the _files submitted answer
quill-theme string snow Specifies a Quill editor theme; the most common themes are snow (which uses a default toolbar) or bubble (which hides the default toolbar, showing formatting options when text is selected). See the Quill documentation for more information about additional themes.
source-file-name string None Name of the source file with existing content to be displayed in the editor. The format of this file must match the format specified in the format attribute.
directory string special Directory where the source file with existing code is to be found. Only useful if source-file-name is used. If it contains one of the special names clientFilesCourse or serverFilesCourse, then the source file name is read from the course's special directories, otherwise the directory is expected to be in the question's own directory. If not provided, the source file name is expected to be found in the question's main directory.
placeholder string "Your answer here" Text to be shown in the editor as a placeholder when there is no student input.
format string html Format used to save the student's response. The element supports html and markdown formats. This format also affects how the source file name or inner HTML is interpreted.
markdown-shortcuts boolean true Whether or not the editor accepts shortcuts based on markdown format (e.g., typing _word_ causes the word to become italic).

Example implementations

  • [element/richTextEditor]

See also

pl-file-editor element

Provides an in-browser file editor that's compatible with the other file elements and external grading system.

Sample element

<pl-file-editor
  file-name="fib.py"
  ace-mode="ace/mode/python"
  ace-theme="ace/theme/monokai"
>
def fib(n):
    pass
</pl-file-editor>

Customizations

Attribute Type Default description
file-name string - The name of this file; will be used to store this file in the _files submitted answer
ace-mode string None Specifies an Ace editor mode to enable things like intelligent code indenting and syntax highlighting; see the full list of modes here.
ace-theme string ace/theme/chrome Specifies an Ace editor theme; see the full list of themes here.
font-size string 12px Sets the font size for the Ace editor. Specified as a CSS-style size (e.g., 1rem, 110%, 16pt, or 20px).
source-file-name string None Name of the source file with existing code to be displayed in the browser text editor (instead of writing the existing code between the element tags as illustrated in the above code snippet).
directory string special Directory where the source file with existing code is to be found. Only useful if source-file-name is used. If it contains one of the special names clientFilesCourse or serverFilesCourse, then the source file name is read from the course's special directories, otherwise the directory is expected to be in the question's own directory. If not provided, the source file name is expected to be found in the question's main directory.
min-lines integer None Minimum number of lines the editor should show initially.
max-lines integer None Maximum number of lines the editor should display at once. Must be greater than min-lines.
auto-resize boolean true Automatically expand the editor panel to ensure all lines are present. Overrides any value set by max-lines and establishes a default of 18 lines for min-lines if not supplied. See Details below for notes.
preview string None If set, provides a live preview mode for editing markup languages. Currently supports html or markdown.
focus boolean false Specifies that the editor should begin with the cursor captured and the editing pane focused. See Details below for notes.
normalize-to-ascii boolean false Whether non-English characters (accents, non-latin alphabets, fancy quotes) should be normalized to equivalent English characters before submitting the file for grading.

Details

When using auto-resize, consider specifying a custom min-lines or pre-populating the code editor window with a code sample. This will initialize the editor area with a sufficient number of lines to display all of the code simultaneously without the need for scrolling.

The focus attribute defaults to "false". Setting this to true will cause the file editor element to automatically capture the cursor focus when the question page is loaded, which may also cause the page to scroll down so that the file editor is in view, bypassing any written introduction. This may have negative implications for accessibility with screen readers, so use caution. If you have multiple file editors on the same question page, only one element should have focus set to true, or else the behavior may be unpredictable.

Example implementations

See also

pl-file-upload element

Provides a way to accept file uploads as part of an answer. They will be stored in the format expected by externally graded questions.

Sample element

<pl-file-upload file-names="foo.py, bar.c, filename with\, comma.txt"></pl-file-upload>

Customizations

Attribute Type Default description
file-names CSV list "" List of files that should and must be submitted. Commas in a filename should be escaped with a backslash, and filenames cannot contain quotes.

Example implementations

See also

pl-threejs element

This element displays a 3D scene with objects that the student can (optionally) translate and/or rotate. It can be used only for output (e.g., as part of a question that asks for something else to be submitted). Or, it can be used for input (e.g., comparing a submitted pose of the body-fixed objects to a correct orientation). Information about the current pose can be hidden from the student and, if visible, can be displayed in a variety of formats, so the element can be used for many different types of questions.

Sample element

<pl-threejs answer-name="a">
  <pl-threejs-stl file-name="MAKE_Robot_V6.stl" frame="body" scale="0.1"></pl-threejs-stl>
  <pl-threejs-stl
    file-name="MAKE_Robot_V6.stl"
    frame="body"
    scale="0.025"
    position="[-1,1,2]"
    orientation="[0,0,30]"
  ></pl-threejs-stl>
  <pl-threejs-txt frame="body" position="[-1,1,2.6]" orientation="[0,0,30]">mini-me</pl-threejs-txt>
</pl-threejs>

Customizations

Attribute Type Default Description
answer-name string — Variable name to store data in.
body-position list [0, 0, 0] Initial position of body as [x, y, z].
body-orientation list special Initial orientation of body. Defaults to zero orientation (body frame aligned with space frame). Interpretation depends on body-pose-format.
camera-position list [5, 2, 2] Initial position of camera as [x, y, z].
body-cantranslate boolean true If you can translate the body in the UI.
body-canrotate boolean true If you can rotate the body in the UI.
camera-canmove boolean true If you can move the camera (i.e., change the view) in the UI.
body-pose-format string rpy Determines how body-orientation is interpreted. If rpy then [roll, pitch, yaw]. If matrix then 3x3 rotation matrix [[...], [...], [...]]. If quaternion then [x, y, z, w]. If axisangle then [x, y, z, theta] where x, y, z are coordinates of axis and theta is angle.
answer-pose-format string rpy Determines how the answer data['correct_answers'][answer-name] is interpreted. If homogeneous, then the answer must be a 4x4 homogeneous transformation matrix [[...], [...], [...], [...]]. Otherwise, the answer must be a list with two elements. The first element must describe position as [x, y, z]. The second element must describe orientation, interpreted based on answer-pose-format. If rpy then [roll, pitch, yaw]. If matrix then 3x3 rotation matrix [[...], [...], [...]]. If quaternion then [x, y, z, w]. If axisangle then [x, y, z, theta] where x, y, z are coordinates of axis and theta is angle.
text-pose-format string matrix Determines how the pose of the body is displayed as text. If matrix then position is [x, y, z] and orientation is a 3x3 rotation matrix. If quaternion then position is [x, y, z] and orientation is [x, y, z, w]. If homogeneous then pose is a 4x4 homogeneous transformation matrix.
show-pose-in-question boolean true If the current pose of the body is displayed in the question panel.
show-pose-in-correct-answer boolean true If the current pose of the body is displayed in the correct answer panel.
show-pose-in-submitted-answer boolean true If the current pose of the body is displayed in the submitted answer panel.
tol-position float 0.5 Error in position must be no more than this for the answer to be marked correct.
tol-rotation float 5.0 Error in rotation must be no more than this for the answer to be marked correct.
grade boolean true If the element will be graded, i.e., if it is being used to ask a question. If grade is false, then this element will never produce any html in the answer panel or in the submission panel.

A pl-threejs-stl element inside a pl-threejs element allows you to add a mesh described by an stl file to the scene, and has these attributes:

Attribute Type Default Description
file-name string — Name of .stl file.
file-directory string clientFilesQuestion Location of .stl file, either clientFilesCourse or clientFilesQuestion.
frame string body Which frame the object is fixed to, either body or space.
color color special Color of object as CSS string, defaults to #e84a27 if body-fixed and to #13294b if space-fixed.
opacity float special Opacity of object, defaults to 0.7 if body-fixed and to 0.4 if space-fixed.
position list [0, 0, 0] Position of object as [x, y, z].
orientation list special Orientation of object. Defaults to zero orientation. Interpretation depends on format.
format string rpy Determines how orientation is interpreted. If rpy then [roll, pitch, yaw]. If matrix then 3x3 rotation matrix [[...], [...], [...]]. If quaternion then [x, y, z, w]. If axisangle then [x, y, z, theta] where x, y, z are coordinates of axis and theta is angle.

A pl-threejs-txt element inside a pl-threejs element allows you to add whatever text appears between the <pl-threejs-txt> ... </pl-threejs-txt> tags as a mesh to the scene, and has these attributes:

Attribute Type Default Description
frame string body Which frame the object is fixed to, either body or space.
color color special Color of object as CSS string, defaults to #e84a27 if body-fixed and to #13294b if space-fixed.
opacity float special Opacity of object, defaults to 0.7 if body-fixed and to 0.4 if space-fixed.
position list [0, 0, 0] Position of object as [x, y, z].
orientation list special Orientation of object. Defaults to zero orientation. Interpretation depends on format.
format string rpy Determines how orientation is interpreted. If rpy then [roll, pitch, yaw]. If matrix then 3x3 rotation matrix [[...], [...], [...]]. If quaternion then [x, y, z, w]. If axisangle then [x, y, z, theta] where x, y, z are coordinates of axis and theta is angle.

Details

Note that a 3D scene is also created to show each submitted answer. This means that if there are many submitted answers, the page will load slowly.

Example implementations

See also

Decorative Elements

pl-code element

Display an embedded or file-based block of code with syntax highlighting and line callouts.

Sample element

<pl-code language="python"> def square(x): return x * x </pl-code>

Customizations

Attribute Type Default Description
language string — The programming language syntax highlighting to use. See below for options.
no-highlight boolean false Disable highlighting.
source-file-name text - Name of the source file with existing code to be displayed as a code block (instead of writing the existing code between the element tags as illustrated in the above code snippet).
directory string special Directory where the source file with existing code is to be found. Only useful if source-file-name is used. If it contains one of the special names clientFilesCourse or serverFilesCourse, then the source file name is read from the course's special directories, otherwise the directory is expected to be in the question's own directory. If not provided, the source file name is expected to be found in the question's main directory.
prevent-select boolean false Applies methods to make the source code more difficult to copy, like preventing selection or right-clicking. Note that the source code is still accessible in the page source, which will always be visible to students.
highlight-lines text - Apply a distinctive background highlight the specified lines of code. Accepts input like 4, 1-3,5-10, and 1,2-5,20.
highlight-lines-color text #b3d7ff Specifies the color of highlighted lines of code.

Details

The pl-code element uses the Pygments library for syntax highlighting, a full list of supported languages can be found here.

Common Pitfalls

The HTML specification disallows inserting special characters onto the page (i.e. <, >, &), and using these characters with inline code may break rendering. To fix this, either escape the characters (&lt;, &gt;, &amp;, more here), or load code snippets from external files into pl-code with source-file-name attribute.

Example implementations

See also

pl-python-variable element

Displays the value of a Python variable, with formatted display of Pandas DataFrames.

Sample elements

Display Python variable value

question.html

<pl-python-variable params-name="variable"></pl-python-variable>

server.py

import prairielearn as pl

def generate(data):
  data_dictionary = { 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3 }
  data['params']['variable'] = pl.to_json(data_dictionary)

Display of a Pandas DataFrame

question.html

<pl-python-variable params-name="df" prefix="df = "></pl-python-variable>

server.py

import prairielearn as pl
import pandas as pd

def generate(data):
  d = {'col1': [1, 2], 'col2': [3, 4]}
  df = pd.DataFrame(data=d)
  data['params']['df'] = pl.to_json(df)

Customizations

Attribute Type Default Description
params-name string — The name of the key in data['params'] to get a value from
text boolean false Force the variable to be displayed in a textual format, as given by repr(var). By default, special types like DataFrames will be rendered as HTML tables.
prefix string (empty) Any prefix to append to the output in text mode.
suffix string (empty) Any suffix to append to the output in text mode.
no-highlight boolean false Disable syntax highlighting in text mode.
show-header boolean true Show the header row of a DataFrame in default mode. (No effect in text mode.)
show-index boolean true Show the index column of a DataFrame in default mode. (No effect in text mode.)
show-dimensions boolean true Show a footer with the dimensions of a DataFrame in default mode. (No effect in text mode.)

Details

As of right now, the element supports displaying either Pandas DataFrames as an HTML table or Python objects via repr(). When setting a parameter to a DataFrame, use PrairieLearn's built in pl.to_json().

Example implementations

See also

pl-figure element

Display a statically or dynamically generated image.

Sample element

<!-- show a figure from an existing file -->
<pl-figure file-name="figure.png" directory="clientFilesCourse"></pl-figure>

<!-- show a figure from a file that is generated by code -->
<pl-figure file-name="figure.png" type="dynamic"></pl-figure>

Customizations

Attribute Type Default Description
file-name string — Name of image file.
type text 'static' Type of file, either 'static' (an existing file) or 'dynamic' (a file generated by element or server code).
directory text "clientFilesQuestion" The directory that contains the file, either 'clientFilesQuestion' or 'clientFilesCourse' (see client and server files). A directory cannot be specified if type='dynamic'.
width number None Width of image (e.g., '250px').
inline boolean false Display figure inline with text (true) or on a separate line (false).
alt text "" Provide alt (alternative) text to improve accessibility of figures by describing the image or the purpose of the image. Default is an empty string.

Dynamically generated figures

If type="dynamic", then the contents of the image file must be returned by a function file() that is located either in element code or in server.py. The contents must be a string (with utf-8 encoding), a bytes-like object, or a file-like object. The filename will be available to this function as data['filename']. For example, to generate the figure.png for the dynamic pl-figure above, this code might appear in server.py to generate a "fake" figure.png:

def file(data):
    if data['filename']=='figure.png':
        plt.plot([1,2,3],[3,4,-2])
        buf = io.BytesIO()
        plt.savefig(buf,format='png')
        return buf

If file() does not return anything, it will be treated as if file() returned the empty string.

Example implementations

See also

pl-file-download element

Provide a download link to a static or dynamically generated file.

Sample element

<!-- allow students to download an existing file -->
<pl-file-download file-name="data.txt" directory="clientFilesCourse"></pl-file-download>

<!-- allow students to download a file that is generated by code -->
<pl-file-download file-name="data.txt" type="dynamic"></pl-file-download>

<!-- allow students to open an existing file in a new tab -->
<pl-file-download
  file-name="data.txt"
  directory="clientFilesCourse"
  force-download="false"
></pl-file-download>

Customizations

Attribute Type Default Description
file-name string — Name of file to download.
label text file-name Alternate text for file download link (e.g., label="click here to download").
type text "static" Type of file, either "static" (an existing file) or "dynamic" (a file generated by element or server code).
directory text "clientFilesQuestion" The directory that contains the file, either "clientFilesQuestion" or "clientFilesCourse" (see client and server files). A directory cannot be specified if type="dynamic".
force-download boolean true Force a file download. Otherwise, allow the browser to open the file in a new tab.

Details

If type="dynamic", then the contents of the file must be returned by a function file() that is located either in element code or in server.py. The contents must be a string (with utf-8 encoding), a bytes-like object, or a file-like object. The filename will be available to this function as data['filename']. For example, this code might appear in server.py to generate a file called data.txt:

def file(data):
    if data['filename']=='data.txt':
        return 'This data is generated by code.'

If file() does not return anything, it will be treated as if file() returned the empty string.

Example implementations

See also

pl-variable-output element

Displays a list of variables that are formatted for import into the supported programming languages (e.g. MATLAB, Mathematica, Python, or R).

Sample element

question.html

<pl-variable-output digits="3">
  <variable params-name="matrixC">C</variable>
  <variable params-name="matrixD">D</variable>
</pl-variable-output>

server.py

import prairielearn as pl
import numpy as np

def generate(data):

  # Create fixed matrix
  matrixC = np.matrix('5 6; 7 8')
  matrixD = np.matrix('-1 4; 3 2')
  # Random matrices can be generated with:
  # mat = np.random.random((2, 2))

  # Export each matrix as a JSON object for the question view.
  data['params']['matrixC'] = pl.to_json(matrixC)
  data['params']['matrixD'] = pl.to_json(matrixD)

Customizations

Attributes for <pl-variable-output>:

Attribute Type Default Description
digits integer — Number of digits to display after the decimal.
default-tab string 'matlab' Select the active tab.
show-matlab boolean true Toggles the display of the Matlab tab.
show-mathematica boolean true Toggles the display of the Mathematica tab.
show-python boolean true Toggles the display of the Python tab.
show-r boolean true Toggles the display of the R tab.

Attributes for <variable> (one of these for each variable to display):

Attribute Type Default Description
params-name string — Name of variable in data['params'] to display.
comment string — Comment to add after the displayed variable.
digits integer — Number of digits to display after the decimal for the variable.

Details

This element displays a list of variables inside <pre> tags that are formatted for import into either MATLAB, Mathematica, Python, or R (the user can switch between them). Each variable must be either a scalar or a 2D numpy array (expressed as a list). Each variable will be prefixed by the text that appears between the <variable> and </variable> tags, followed by =. Below are samples of the format displayed under each language tab.

MATLAB format:

A = [1.23; 4.56]; % matrix

Mathematica format:

A = [1.23; 4.56]; (* matrix *)

Python format:

import numpy as np

A = np.array([[1.23], [4.56]]) # matrix

R format:

A = c(1.23, 4.56) # vector
A = matrix(c(1.23, 4.56, 8.90, 1.23), nrow = 2, ncol = 2, byrow = TRUE) # matrix

If a variable v is a complex object, you should use import prairielearn as pl and data['params'][params-name] = pl.to_json(v).

Example implementations

See also

pl-matrix-latex element

Displays a scalar or 2D numpy array of numbers in LaTeX using mathjax.

Sample element

question.html

$$C = <pl-matrix-latex params-name="matrixC"></pl-matrix-latex>$$

server.py

import prairielearn as pl
import numpy as np

def generate(data):

  # Construct a matrix
  mat = np.matrix('1 2; 3 4')

  # Export matrix to be displayed in question.html
  data['params']['matrixC'] = pl.to_json(mat)

Customizations

Attribute Type Default Description
params-name string — Name of variable in data['params'] to display.
presentation-type string 'f' Number display format. If presentation-type is 'sigfig', each number is formatted using the to_precision module to digits significant figures. Otherwise, each number is formatted as '{:.{digits}{presentation-type}}'.
digits integer "2" Number of digits to display according to the choice of presentation-type

Details

Depending on whether data['params'] contains either a scalar or 2D numpy array of numbers, one of the following will be returned.

  • scalar
    • a string containing the scalar not wrapped in brackets.
  • numpy 2D array
    • a string formatted using the bmatrix LaTeX style.

Sample LaTeX formatting:

\begin{bmatrix} ... & ... \\ ... & ... \end{bmatrix}

As an example, consider the need to display the following matrix operations:

x = [A][b] + [c]

In this case, we would write:

${\bf x} = <pl-matrix-latex params-name="A" digits="1"></pl-matrix-latex>
<pl-matrix-latex params-name="b" digits="1"></pl-matrix-latex>
+ <pl-matrix-latex params-name="c" digits="1"></pl-matrix-latex>$

Example implementations

See also

pl-graph element

Using the viz.js library, create Graphviz DOT visualizations.

Sample elements

question.html

<pl-graph> digraph G { A -> B } </pl-graph>

question.html

<pl-graph params-name-matrix="matrix" params-name-labels="labels"></pl-graph>

server.py

import prairielearn as pl
import numpy as np

def generate(data):
  mat = np.random.random((3, 3))
  mat = mat / np.linalg.norm(mat, 1, axis=0)
  data['params']['labels'] = pl.to_json(['A', 'B', 'C'])
  data['params']['matrix'] = pl.to_json(mat)

Customizations

Attribute Type Default Description
engine string dot The rendering engine to use; supports circo, dot, fdp, neato, osage, and twopi.
params-name-matrix string None The the name of a parameter containing the adjacency matrix to use as input for the graph.
params-name-labels string None When using an adjacency matrix, the parameter that contains the labels for each node.
params-type string adjacency-matrix How to interpret the input data in params-name-matrix. By default, only adjacency-matrix exists but custom types can be added through extensions.
weights boolean None When using an adjacency matrix, whether or not to show the edge weights. By default will automatically show weights for stochastic matrices (when they are not binary 0/1).
weights-digits integer "2" When using an adjacency matrix, how many digits to show for the weights.
weights-presentation-type string 'f' Number display format for the weights when using an adjacency matrix. If presentation-type is 'sigfig', each number is formatted using the to_precision module to digits significant figures. Otherwise, each number is formatted as {:.{digits}{presentation-type}}.

Example implementations

Extension API

Custom values for params-type can be added with element extensions. Each custom type is defined as a function that takes as input the element and data values and returns processed DOT syntax as output.

A minimal type function can look something like:

def custom_type(element, data):
    return "graph { a -- b; }"

In order to register these custom types, your extension should define the global backends dictionary. This will map a value of params-type to your function above:

backends = {
    'my-custom-type': custom_type
}

This will automatically get picked up when the extension gets imported. If your extension needs extra attributes to be defined, you may optionally define the global optional_attribs array that contains a list of attributes that the element may use.

For a full implementation, check out the edge-inc-matrix extension in the exampleCourse.

See also

pl-drawing element

Creates a canvas (drawing space) that can display images from a collection of pre-defined drawing objects. Users can also add drawing objects to the canvas for grading.

See the pl-drawing documentation for details.

pl-overlay element

The overlay element allows existing PrairieLearn and HTML elements to be layered on top of one another in arbitrary positions.

Sample element

<pl-overlay width="400" height="400" clip="false">
  <pl-background>
    <pl-drawing width="398" height="398" hide-answer-panel="false">
      <pl-drawing-initial>
        <pl-triangle x1="50" y1="350" x2="350" y2="350" x3="350" y3="50"></pl-triangle>
      </pl-drawing-initial>
    </pl-drawing>
  </pl-background>
  <pl-location left="200" top="375"> $$3$$ </pl-location>
  <pl-location left="375" top="200"> $$3$$ </pl-location>
  <pl-location left="170" top="170">
    <pl-number-input
      answers-name="c"
      show-help-text="false"
      show-placeholder="false"
      size="1"
    ></pl-number-input>
  </pl-location>
</pl-overlay>

pl-overlay Customizations

Attribute Type Default Description
width float - The width of the overlay canvas in pixels. Required only if no background is specified.
height float - The height of the overlay canvas in pixels. Required only if no background is specified.
clip boolean true If true, children will be cut off when exceeding overlay boundaries.

pl-location Customizations

Attribute Type Default Description
left float - The x coordinate of the child element (relative to the left of the overlay)
top float - The y coordinate of the child element (relative to the top of the overlay)
right float - The x coordinate of the child element (relative to the right of the overlay)
bottom float - The y coordinate of the child element (relative to the bottom of the overlay)
valign string middle Specifies the vertical alignment of the contents. Can be one of top, middle, or bottom.
halign string center Specifies the horizontal alignment of the contents. Can be one of left, center, or right.

pl-background Customizations

The pl-background child tag does not have any extra attributes that need to be set. All relevant positioning and sizing information is obtained from the tag's contents.

Details

An overlay is pre-defined as a "overlay area" with a static size. By default, elements that exceed these boundaries will get partially or totally cut off. A background can be specified by wrapping HTML in a <pl-background> tag, in this case the overlay will automatically size itself to fit the background and a width and height do not need to be specified. Floating child elements are wrapped with a <pl-location> tag that specifies the position relative to some defined edge of the overlay area using left, right, top, and bottom. Anything inside the location tag will be displayed at that position. Children are layered in the order they are specified, with later child elements being displayed on top of those defined earlier.

Example implementations

pl-external-grader-variables element

Displays variables that are given to the student, or expected for the student to define in externally-graded questions. The list of variables should be stored in data['params'] and has the following format:

data["params"]["names_for_user"] = [
    {"name": "var1", "description": "Human-readable description.", "type": "type"},
    {"name": "var2", "description": "...", "type": "..."}
]
data["params"]["names_from_user"] = [
    {"name": "result1", "description": "...", "type": "..."}
]

Sample element

question.html

<p>The setup code gives the following variables:</p>
<pl-external-grader-variables params-name="names_for_user"></pl-external-grader-variables>

<p>Your code snippet should define the following variables:</p>
<pl-external-grader-variables params-name="names_from_user"></pl-external-grader-variables>

server.py

def generate(data):
    data["params"]["names_for_user"] = [
        {"name": "n", "description": r"Dimensionality of $\mathbf{A}$ and $\mathbf{b}$.", "type": "integer"},
        {"name": "A", "description": r"Matrix $\mathbf{A}$.", "type": "numpy array"},
        {"name": "b", "description": r"Vector $\mathbf{b}$.", "type": "numpy array"}
    ]
    data["params"]["names_from_user"] = [
        {"name": "x", "description": r"Solution to $\mathbf{Ax}=\mathbf{b}$.", "type": "numpy array"}
    ]

Customizations

Attribute Type Default Description
params-name string None Name of variable specification in data['params'] to display, the format for which is given above.

Example implementations

pl-xss-safe element

Removes potentially dangerous scripts from HTML. This is recommended when parsing and displaying student-provided content. The element will remove some elements like scripts and triggers that may have been maliciously inserted by the student. Note that any code parsed by this element must be supported directly by the browser, i.e., it cannot include PrairieLearn elements or special tags.

Sample element

<!-- Content coming from a submitted file (e.g., pl-file-editor, pl-file-upload) -->
<pl-xss-safe submitted-file-name="answer.html"></pl-xss-safe>

<!-- Content coming from a regular element (e.g., pl-string-input) -->
<pl-xss-safe contents="{{submitted_answers.answer}}"></pl-xss-safe>

Customizations

Attribute Type Default Description
source-file-name string - Name of the source file with existing code to be used (instead of using the existing code between the element tags as illustrated in the above code snippet).
submitted-file-name string - Name of the file submitted by the user to (typically using a pl-file-editor or pl-file-upload element) with the code to be used.
contents string - Raw contents to be displayed.
language string html Language of the provided code. The values "html" or "markdown" are currently supported.

Note that only one of the attributes source-file-name, submitted-file-name or contents may be provided in the same element.

Example implementations

See also

Conditional Elements

pl-question-panel element

Displays the contents of question directions.

Sample element

<pl-question-panel> This is question-panel text. </pl-question-panel>

Details

Contents are only shown during question input portion. When a student either makes a submission or receives the correct answer, the information between these tags is hidden. If content exists outside of a question panel, then it will be displayed alongside the answer.

Example implementations

See also

pl-submission-panel element

Customizes how information entered by a user is displayed before grading.

Sample element

<pl-submission-panel> This is submission-panel text. </pl-submission-panel>

Details

Contents are only shown after the student has submitted an answer. This answer may be correct, incorrect, or invalid.

Example implementations

See also

pl-answer-panel element

Provide information regarding the question answer after the student is unable to receive further answers for grading.

Sample element

<pl-answer-panel> This is answer-panel text. </pl-answer-panel>

Details

Contents are only displayed when the answer panel is requested. Common reasons that trigger the display of this element are:

  • The question is fully correct
  • There are no more submission attempts
  • The time limit for the assessment has expired.

Example implementations

See also

pl-hide-in-panel element

Hide the contents so that it is not displayed in specific panels ("question", "submission", or "answer").

Sample element

<pl-hide-in-panel submission="true" answer="true">
  This text will be hidden in the submission panel and answer panel.
</pl-hide-in-panel>

Customizations

Attribute Type Default Description
question boolean false Whether to hide the element contents in the question panel.
submission boolean false Whether to hide the element contents in the submission panel.
answer boolean false Whether to hide the element contents in the answer panel.

Details

Hide the element contents in those panels for which the corresponding attribute is true. This is the reverse of pl-question-panel, pl-submission-panel, or pl-answer-panel, all of which explicitly show the element contents only in a specific panel.

Example implementations

See also

pl-hide-in-manual-grading element

Hide the contents so that it is not displayed to graders in the manual grading page.

Sample element

<pl-hide-in-manual-grading>
  This text will be shown to students, but not to graders.
</pl-hide-in-manual-grading>

Details

This element is typically used to abbreviate the question description and allow graders to focus on the actual answers during grading. It is the reverse of the pl-manual-grading-only element, which explicitly shows content only during grading.

Example implementations

See also

pl-manual-grading-only element

Hide the contents so that it is only displayed to graders in the manual grading page.

Sample element

<pl-manual-grading-only>
  This text will be shown to graders, but not to students.
</pl-manual-grading-only>

Details

This element is typically used to provide graders with additional information that may not be presented to students. Examples may include grading instructions, sample answers, acceptable values for individual results, random parameters used in the question generation, or pre-computed values calculated in explicit parse functions. It is the reverse of the pl-hide-in-manual-grading element, which explicitly hides content during grading.

Example implementations

See also

pl-external-grader-results element

Displays results from externally-graded questions.

Sample element

<pl-external-grader-results></pl-external-grader-results>

Details

It expects results to follow the reference schema for external grading results.

Example Implementations

See also

Deprecated Elements

Note: The following PrairieLearn Elements have been deprecated. These elements are still supported for backwards compatibility, but they should not be used in new questions.

pl-variable-score element

Display the partial score for a specific answer variable.

WARNING: This element is deprecated and should not be used in new questions.

Sample element

<pl-variable-score answers-name="v_avg"></pl-variable-score>

Customizations

Attribute Type Default Description
answers-name string — Variable name to display score for.

pl-prairiedraw-figure element

Create and display a prairiedraw image.

WARNING: This element is deprecated and should not be used in new questions.

Sample element

<pl-prairiedraw-figure
  script-name="drawFigure.js"
  param-names="r1,r2,isHorizontal"
  width="900"
  height="600"
/>

Customizations

Attribute Type Default Description
script-name string - Name of PrairieDraw script.
param-names string None Comma-separated list of parameters to make available to PrairieDraw.
width integer 500 Width of the drawing element.
height integer 300 Height of the drawing element.

Details

The provided script-name corresponds to a file located within the director for the question. Parameter names are keys stored in data["params"] in server.py (i.e., those available for templating within question.html).

Example implementations

See also